The final common pathway of platelet aggregation is activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. Important platelet agonists in vivo, including thrombin, adenosine diphosphate, thromboxane A2 and collagen, all act via specific platelet surface receptors. Adhesion results in initial platelet activation by internal signalling pathways often involving reduced intra-platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Platelets adhere to immobilised Von Willebrand Factor and also collagen at functional glycoprotein Ib/IX/V and collagen receptors. Many of these events are co-ordinated by surface receptors. The biochemistry of platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation is complex. The importance of platelets in thrombus formation is evident by the therapeutic efficacy of antiplatelet drugs in thromboembolic disease, especially arterial vascular disease. In turn, the thrombin generated by activation of the coagulation cascade is a potent platelet agonist. Activated platelets provide the physical surface for efficient thrombin formation.
The interactions between platelet and coagulation events during thrombus formation are numerous. These events are inseparable from the initiation of the coagulation cascade principally by tissue factor, thrombin generation and cross-linked fibrin formation. The earliest events in thrombus formation include platelet adhesion, platelet activation, subsequent platelet aggregation and granule release.
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